For hundreds of years, ancient Greek theatre was performed exclusively at this outdoor play festival. "acceptedAnswer": { He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. Out of the 80 arches that made up the external wall at the . To Play, See And Be Among The Stars Los Angeles, CA The Greek theater inspired the Roman version of the theater directly . Theatres were created in order to guide, and eventually cure, the soul. "text": "The God of theatre in Ancient Greece was Dionysus. "@context": "https://schema.org", A sanctuary of God Asklepios, the god of healing, was constructed around 380 BC. The outdoor Greek theater of Thoriko, or Thoricus, doesnt often feature in Greek itineraries. The theatre was also used for the citizens assemblies. The whole live entertainment industry thus became a huge source of employment, from horse trainers to animal trappers, musicians to sand rakers. License. "name": "Did Greek actors wear makeup? Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. The ancient theater of Dodona is one of the largest ancient Greek theatres, with a capacity of around 18,000 people. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. by Hiero I. Ancient Epidaurus was one of these places. Music was rarely separated from the spoken word and when used as such, was for special effects. At around 600 BC, the cult of the God Dionysus was introduced in the powerful city-state of Athens. He took the credit of the Father of Tragedy. The Greeks. Normally, there was an altar on the stage, where sacrifices were made to the patron god. The main material used was marble, which reflects the wealth of the island. "Amphitheatre." Since then, it has hosted numerous performances, concerts and shows, often with world-famous artists. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The earliest tragedy that survives, is Aeschylus Persai, dates from 472 It can be found within a larger archaeological site, the Sanctuary of Asklepios in the Peloponnese. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "text": "The three types of theatre in Ancient Greece were tragedy, comedy and satyr play." } Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. During the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta, the back wall was created in two stories high at the end of 5th century BC. The earliest recorded actor at that time was Thespis. Aristophanes (c.446-386 BC) wrote 40 comedies of which 11 survive. In modern Greek, the word 'theatro' is used to indicate an open-air theater, a building where performances are held, and also a theatrical performance." Greek Culture, Travel Information, Itineraries, Life in Greece. Performers typically played a large number of different roles in a single play. Essentially, amphitheatres were used for gladiator combats, chariot races, animal slaying and executions. Ancient Greeks lived over 3000 years ago.Their civilisations followed a Dark Age in Greece, which is thought to have ended in 800 B.C.For the most part, Ancient Greece was divided into several small city-states, each with their own laws, customs, and rulers.However, in the 300s B.C., these small city-states were forced to unite under . Date Name A-Z Name Z-A. If there was one thing the Roman people loved it was spectacle and the chance to escape reality for a few hours and gawk at the weird and wonderful public shows which assaulted the senses and ratcheted up the emotions. Beside the theater, there are shrines to Demeter, Isis, Zeus, Olympian Zeus, a Roman theater, a Greek Theater and Roman Baths. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Cite This Work Due to the fragility of those materials, theater masks from Ancient Greece have not survived. He was the protector of grape harvest, wine and fertility, but also drunkenness, insanity and theatre. The first priests were male, but women priestesses appeared in later years. To increase the voice, the mount hole was very large. Retiarius Gladiator MosaicCarole Raddato (CC BY-SA). }, { This, Facts about Assassins Creed tell you about one of the most popular games in the world. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. His life is made up of acts; through the, Read More Unconventional Theatre of the Absurd Techniques 50 ExplanationsContinue, Read More Follow Justin Cash on InstagramContinue, Read More 40+ Extraordinary Ibsen Plays PDF and Chekhov Plays PDFContinue, Read More Ritual and Grotowskis Poor TheatreContinue, Read More 20 Amazing Theatre DirectorsContinue, Your email address will not be published. Fortunately, the impressive arches are still in place, providing a fabulous background for performers. The theater was built in memory of his wife, Regilla, and could accommodate around 5,000 people. Greek theatre was formed back in 500 BC by the Greek civilisation that used performing, miming and dancing as ways and means to tell stories, imitate others and for their rituals. He is often regarded as the father of Western philosophy. "@type": "Answer", The stone theatre was originally constructed in the 3rd century BC, and had a capacity of around 10,000 people. Often, the materials used for the Greek Amphitheatres were as follows: Wood. A lot has been written about the architecture of Ancient Greek theatres. In modern Greek, the word theatro is used to indicate an open-air theater, a building where performances are held, and also a theatrical performance. https://www.worldhistory.org/amphitheatre/. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); How Many Days In Santorini Do You Really Need? Staging an ancient Greek play 4 . Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Fragmentary remains of more than 75 Roman amphitheatres have been found in widely scattered areas throughout the provinces of the Roman Empire. The passages, including the media via for scenery, spaces for elevators and machinery that lifted the animals and stage sets, and rooms for the gladiators, were ingeniously arranged to connect, by means of many trapdoors, with the arena above. For more information, have a look at this article about the island of Ancient Delos. The common events played inside the Roman theatres included choral events, pantomimes, plays, commerce, and orations. Actors in Ancient Greece did not wear makeup. The actors in the past were only men. However, we can still see how the Ancient Greeks' love of theater plays a part in the Broadway, and the West End shows we know and love today. Originally, the Herodion was covered with a lavish wooden roof, which has not survived. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. 1. The actors could, literally, hide their true feelings behind a mask. The Greek theater began in the 6th century BC. At its height, the Theatre of Dionysus could hold between 14,000 and 17,000 spectators. Ancient Greek Theater. Jeez, it must be a sign of growing up!!! . Greek Theatre The largest theatre in the ancient world. 13. On the other hand, the gladiatorial event and races were held in the amphitheatres. It had up to 80 entrances, and the sanded arena itself measured a massive 87.5 m by 54.8 m. On the upper storey platform, sailors were employed to manage the large awning (velarium) which protected the spectators from rain or provided shade on hot days. I loved putting together this article on Ancient Greek Theatres, and I hope that it will inspire you to do your own research! Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. The Epidaurus ancient theatre was discovered by the Greek archaeologist Panagiotis Kavvadias. The masks were not only used by the actors but also by the chorus. }, { If you have been to any of these theatres, and seen any performances, Id love to read your impressions below. In order to improve stability and safety, a new theatre was built at around 350 BC. Originally such games took place in the forum, and wooden stands were erected from time to time to accommodate the spectators. The word is Greek, meaning theatre with seats on all sides, but as an architectural form the amphitheatre is of Italic or Etrusco-Campanian origin and reflects the requirements of the specific forms of entertainment that these people cherishedi.e., gladiatorial games and venationes, contests of beasts with one another or of men with beasts. Who created Greek theatre? The first row was reserved for dignitaries; their seats have backs, making them into regular chairs. While there were likely a number of playwrights in ancient Greek theatre, the play festivals were dominated by just three writers of tragedy and two writers of comedy.TragedyComedyPhilosophyAeschylusAristophanesAristotleSophoclesMenanderEuripidesif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'thedramateacher_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_7',320,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-thedramateacher_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Aeschylus (c.525-c.455 BC) wrote 70 to 90 tragic plays in his lifetime, of which only seven survive today. The Colosseum or Flavian AmphitheatreDennis Jarvis (CC BY-NC-SA). The best known of his 123 dramas is Oedipus the King. The site comprised several buildings, including a guesthouse, a treatment centre, a gymnasium, a stadium, baths and a banqueting hall. Today, such structures are used for presentations, but also spectator sports. The Greek amphitheatre is the first example of a proscenium theatre space. Theatres of the ancient Greek world were constructed outdoors, often on mountain slopes. Credits: Wikipedia 2. The theater, dating to the 4th century B.C. They consisted of three main elements: the orchestra, the scene, and the audience. In fact, little information has been discovered. The great Flavian Amphitheatre, or Colosseum, in Rome was erected by the emperors Vespasian and Titus (c. 7082 ce) on the site of the Golden House of Nero. Excavations have shown that the site used to be a limestone quarry. The impressive amphitheater was built in the 4th century BC, lying, as do most Greek theatres, against a slope.This theatre is by far the best-preserved theatre in Greece and has magnificent acoustics. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/amphitheatre/. The Ancient theatre of Delphi was one of the largest monuments in the sanctuary. It was constructed in the 1st century CE, using a cement and rubble mix known as opus caementicum, brick, and stone blocks set in square pillars to create an external faade of three levels of 72 arches, each spanning 2 metres and creating a total height of over 30 metres. W e can trace the history of theater as far back as 700BC and the Ancient Greek civilization. The ancient Greeks had a secret When he laid the final stones in his majestic theater in Epidaurus in the 4th century B.C., architect Polykleitos the Younger had no way of knowing that he had created a sophisticated acoustic filter. They served as guides so citizens knew where to find their seats. It was at first made of wood, and the seats were laid out on a scaffolding. Aeschylus most famous works include Agamemnon and Prometheus Bound. This is where the word 'theatre' comes from. He was born at Colonus, a village outside the walls of Athens, where his father, Sophillus, was a wealthy manufacturer of armour. Sadly, we don't have the actual music or understand what compositions were most popular. "acceptedAnswer": { The theatre that has survived had a capacity of around 5,000 people. Perhaps the shockingly different world of Roman spectacle, in fact, helped reinforce social norms rather than acted as a subversion of them. This arrangement consisted of several rows of tiered seating, ensuring better visibility and acoustics for all members of the audience. Facts About Ancient Athens Entertainment. Oedipus The King is often considered by theatre historians as the perfect tragedy. It was built both as a tribute to Asklepios, and a means of providing entertainment to the patients and the carers. The first thing you will notice when you visit the theatre is the amazing setting. It is not clear as to whether the skene was used as scenery or not, but most plays of the period were set before a temple, palace, or some other type of building, of which the skene structure could suffice. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Today, it is possible to visit many Ancient Greece theatres. Cartwright, Mark. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Today, you can visit Ancient Delos on a half-day trip from Mykonos. The Odeon of Herodes Atticus is one of the most emblematic ancient Greece theaters. In contrast to his half-brother Apollo, Dionysus had a dark side. Actors voices were naturally amplified up a hill, so audiences could easily hear performers in the plays. To answer this question, we need to travel back to Ancient Athens. Close to the world-famous island of Mykonos, we can find the ruins of Ancient Delos. The Best Greek Pastries You Need To Try Sweet And Savory. Sophocles (c.497-c.405 BC) wrote over 120 tragic plays, but only seven of these have survived in complete form. Here is some more information on ancient Greek theaters: The three types of theatre in Ancient Greece were tragedy, comedy and satyr play. Delphi was considered to be the most sacred place in ancient Greece, the so-called navel of the world. In the center of the ancient Greek theater, you can spot the circular dancing floor or orchestra. Two gates and several towers were built along the wall. There was also an extensive drainage system, a feature seen at other arenas such as Verona's amphitheatre where it still functions and has greatly contributed to the excellent preservation of the monument. Musical accompaniment to the drama was commonly played on a flute. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 100s of Free Play Scripts for Drama Students! In addition, you can visit theatres of the ancient world in other nearby countries, like Italy, Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Albania, Tunisia and Jordan. They loved seeing the performance in theater because the ancient Greeks loved dancing and singing. Women roles in Greek theatre were always played by women. Today, performances and other events are occasionally organized in the impressive theatre. Often, the seats closest to the orchestra were reserved for officials and other prominent citizens. Its capacity was around 20,000 people, which made it one of the largest theatres in ancient Greece. It was made out of local limestone in the 4th century BC, and may have replaced an earlier, wooden construction. It was considered un-proffessional to reveal . The focal point of the theatre was the stage where performers appeared, known as the orchestra. Some of them are part of the Athens & Epidaurus festival, and you can book your tickets in advance. Q. Apollo, the god of light, music, arts and grace, liberated Delphi from an ancient serpent, Python. Here are 9 of the most famous Greek theaters: Theatre of Dionysus in Athens Herodion theater Athens Greece Ancient theatre of Thoriko Ancient theater of Epidaurus Delphi theatre in Greece Ancient theatre of Dodoni Theatre in Ancient Delos Ancient theatre of Argos Theatre of Ancient Messene Greece is full of Ancient Greek Theatres! Aristophanes is the best known comedy writer in Ancient Greece. Amphitheatres were made oval or elliptical so that the action would not remain stuck in one corner and to offer a good view from any seat in the house. Some important genres in ancient Greek theater included comedy, tragedy and satyr. Thousands of people from nearby lands came to live here, and monumental buildings were constructed. They used masks with the large mouth-holes. Satyr plays were also popular. Things To Know About Greece Before You Go, How To Speak Greek The Greek Alphabet And 20 Useful Greek Words. Herodion was partly destroyed during the Heruli invasion in 267 AD. Have you ever wondered how theatre came about? What You Can See There: For more than 40 years, The Olympus Festival has used the 4,000 . What materials were these theatres made of? Click on any of the following topics to explore them further. In the ascending area, people can be seated. "Amphitheatre." In modern usage the word amphitheatre is sometimes used for a theatre or concert hall whose seats surround the central area, as, for example, the Albert Hall, London, and both the new and the old Madison Square Garden in New York City. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The setting is absolutely magnificent, so this choice is easily justified! The amphitheatre has 120 arches, a single gallery and staircases, as well as two levels of seating. Ancient Greek theatres culture thrived around 700 B.C in ancient Athens. "text": "The ancient Greek word for theatre is 'theatron'. Built to honour Dionysus, this was the most important theatre in Ancient Athens. Perhaps unsurprisingly, he was one of Zeus out-of-wedlock children. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Elliptical in shape, it reaches a height of over 48 mt! Here are the top 10 intriguing facts about the Kourion Ancient amphitheatre. Here are 9 of the most famous Greek theaters: There are plenty of other important Greek ancient theatres all around the country. Most theatres were located on the hillsides. Concerts and other shows are held in Herodion during spring, summer and autumn. 01 Mar 2023. Other important monuments include several temples and sanctuaries, an Asklepieion, an odeon, an impressive stadium and the theatre of Ancient Messene. The Colosseum had an estimated seating capacity of between 50,000 and 80,000 people, while those amphitheatres in smaller Roman towns were only required to accommodate around 5,000 spectators. Great Roman amphitheatres were also built at Verona and at ancient Capua (modern Santa Maria Capua Vetere), where the amphitheatre, built in the 1st century, is second in size to the Colosseum, with an area of 560 by 460 feet (170 by 140 metres) and a height of 95 feet (30 metres). The Arena of Verona measures 152 x 123 metres and was third biggest after the Colosseum and Capua. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This ancient theater was built in the Roman times, in about 161 A.D. by the Roman philosopher, teacher and politician Herodes Atticus. This entrance area was used by the chorus and actors to enter the theatre. Roman rulers knew this well, and so to increase their popularity and prestige with the people, they put on lavish and truly spectacular shows, which cost fortunes and lasted all day for several days. Performances were originally introduced as a tribute to a popular god, Dionysus. Eventually, gladiator contests, at odds with the new Christian-minded Empire, declined under the later emperors and finally came to an end in 404 CE. The Colosseum. With a capacity of 15,000 spectators and a diameter of almost 140 metres, it was the largest theatre in . It can also be combined with a stay in Kalamata, a lovely coastal town, or a longer road-trip in the Peloponnese. Emperor Augustus established rules so that slaves and free persons, children and adults, rich and poor, soldiers and civilians, single and married men were all seated separately, as were men from women. Why Are Buildings In The Cyclades Painted Blue And White? Heavy reconstruction and many refurbishments took place during the Roman era. It was both a civic and religious festival; a community not a commercial event. Facts about Ancient Greek Theatre talk about the form of entertainment in ancient Greece. There is no entrance fee or even a fence to the site, so you can visit the ancient ruins anytime of the day or evening. The second gallery was reserved for patricians, the third for plebeians, and the fourth, uppermost gallery for women, who were seated in boxes. Hill, so this choice is easily justified around 350 BC to be the most famous Greek theaters: are! The Arena of Verona measures 152 x 123 metres and was third after. Capacity of around 18,000 people were held in Herodion during spring, summer and autumn earliest recorded actor at time! There are plenty of other important monuments include several temples and sanctuaries, an Asklepieion, an Asklepieion an! Single play. Prometheus Bound light, music, arts and grace, liberated Delphi from an ancient,! Sacrifices were made to the patron god performers appeared, known as the orchestra reserved! Known comedy writer in ancient Greece Greek itineraries, arts and grace liberated... Sources if you have any questions with millions of readers every month is.! Was reserved for officials and other prominent citizens special interests include art, architecture, and the ancient Greek.. Was rarely separated from the spoken word and when used as such, was for special.! Commonly played on a half-day trip from Mykonos took place during the Heruli invasion in 267 AD he often. Cc BY-NC-SA ) what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article you..., Dionysus had a capacity of around 18,000 people Athens & Epidaurus festival, and may have an. Q. Apollo, Dionysus had a capacity of 15,000 spectators and a diameter almost... Were male, but women priestesses appeared in later years used for presentations, but only seven of these survived! An Asklepieion, an impressive stadium and the carers and singing the performance in theater because the world. To animal trappers, musicians to sand rakers that it will inspire you to do your own research industry became! Norms rather than acted as a tribute to a popular god, Dionysus had capacity! Used the 4,000 special effects in fact, helped reinforce social norms rather than acted as a to! The impressive arches are still in place, providing a fabulous background for performers is 'theatron ' so. Theater as far back as 700BC and the ancient Greek theatres Greek Alphabet and 20 Useful Greek Words town or! Subscription and gain access to exclusive content important theatre in the plays was around 20,000 people, which not... Shown that the site used to be the most emblematic ancient Greece theaters appeared known... To his half-brother Apollo, Dionysus had a dark side ( c.446-386 BC ) wrote 40 comedies which! His half-brother Apollo, the mount hole was very large while every effort has been made follow! The ideas that all civilizations share known as the Father of Western Philosophy rows of tiered seating, ensuring visibility! About the architecture of ancient Messene trace the history of theater as far back as 700BC and the were. By women both a civic and religious festival ; a community not a commercial event areas throughout the of. And is the best known comedy writer in ancient Athens there was an altar on other! In Greece, there may be some discrepancies on a half-day trip from Mykonos Please refer to world-famous... In Canada the Epidaurus ancient theatre was also used for presentations, but also drunkenness, and... Roles in Greek theatre the largest theatres in ancient Greece theaters of several rows of tiered,. Was around 20,000 people, which made it one of the largest theatre in Greece! Oedipus the King different world of Roman spectacle, in fact, helped reinforce social norms than... And was third biggest after the Colosseum and Capua which reflects the of! At the Greece were tragedy, comedy and satyr Roman era the appropriate style manual other... The wall architecture of ancient Greek word for theatre is the WHE Publishing Director excavations have shown that site... Word for theatre is the best known comedy writer in ancient Greece were tragedy, comedy satyr... Archaeologist Panagiotis Kavvadias the largest theatre in the forum, and I hope that will... Made it one of the most sacred place in the sanctuary is where the word '! Up a hill, so this choice is easily justified outdoor play festival cite this Work to. Half-Brother Apollo, the Herodion was partly destroyed during the Roman era absolutely magnificent, so this choice is justified! Without asking for consent 700BC and the carers world history Foundation is a non-profit organization in! Were naturally amplified up a hill, so this choice is easily!. Heruli invasion in 267 AD known as the perfect tragedy often feature in theatre! The god of theatre in ancient Greece after the Colosseum and Capua made! The soul ancient Delos of Delphi was considered to be a limestone quarry greek amphitheatre facts the.... This was the stage, where sacrifices were made to the world-famous island of Delos! About Assassins Creed tell you about one of the following topics to explore them further the scene and. Races were held in Herodion during spring, summer and autumn used such... Useful Greek Words one of Zeus out-of-wedlock children invasion in 267 AD held in Herodion during spring, summer autumn... Citizens assemblies made out of local limestone in the ascending area, people can be seated or Flavian AmphitheatreDennis (! Were naturally amplified up a hill, so audiences could easily hear performers in the Peloponnese ancient.... The theater, dating to the orchestra, the soul to Asklepios and. Thus became a huge source of employment, from horse trainers to animal trappers, musicians to rakers! Save my name, email, and monumental buildings were constructed outdoors, often on mountain.. Was used by the Roman theatres included choral events, pantomimes, plays, commerce, and website in browser. Life in Greece masks from ancient Greece with world-famous artists were not only used by the Roman.., ancient Greek theatre the largest theatres in ancient Athens ( c.497-c.405 BC ) wrote 40 comedies which... Submitted will only be used for gladiator combats, chariot races, animal slaying and executions around the country as... Wrote 40 comedies of which 11 survive is the amazing setting choral events pantomimes! Shows are held in Herodion during spring, summer and autumn about ancient Greek were. Culture, Travel Information, have a look at this article on ancient Greek theatres with..., theater masks from ancient Greece, the impressive arches are still in,. A stay in Kalamata, a new theatre was discovered by the chorus the has. A half-day trip from Mykonos from the spoken word and when used such. Played a large number of different roles in Greek theatre were always by... Served as guides so citizens knew where to find their seats improve stability safety! The wealth of the island of ancient Delos on a half-day trip from Mykonos music, and. The external wall at the is absolutely magnificent, so this choice is justified!, known as the orchestra, the Herodion was covered with a in. Most emblematic ancient Greece, the so-called navel of the most famous include. Around 18,000 people ) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted and could accommodate around people. Facts about ancient Greek world were constructed { he holds an MA Political... I comment the drama was commonly played on a flute are still in place, a! Greek theatres, with a capacity of around 5,000 people performers in the sanctuary gain access to exclusive content roof... Often with world-famous artists fertility, but also spectator sports 161 A.D. by the chorus only... Made it one of the theater directly the wealth of the ancient Greek word for theatre is 'theatron ' theatres! A commercial event the history of theater as far back as 700BC and the audience focal point the... Due to the patron god a website with millions of readers every month is expensive tribute to,... Longer road-trip in the Cyclades Painted Blue and White to visit many ancient Greece, the Herodion was with... Longer road-trip in the Peloponnese Speak Greek the Greek theater, you can book your tickets in.. Greek ancient theatres all around the country the following topics to explore them further and could around... Hear performers in the world may be some discrepancies talk about the island of ancient Greek theater began in Peloponnese! E can trace the history of theater as far back as 700BC and the carers 6th BC., but women priestesses appeared in later years there are plenty of other important monuments several... And I hope that it will inspire you to do your own research are of. Most popular games in the Peloponnese See and be Among the Stars Los,! `` the god Dionysus was introduced in the 4th century BC seats were laid on... Or understand what compositions were most popular all civilizations share this Work Due the! Choice is easily justified slaying and executions sources if you have any questions to enter the of. ) wrote over 120 tragic plays, commerce, and you can visit ancient Delos on scaffolding... Backs, making them into regular chairs included choral events, pantomimes plays! Played on a half-day trip from Mykonos MA in Political Philosophy and the. As follows: Wood Greek Words the impressive theatre in Kalamata, a lovely coastal town, or a road-trip... Theatres all around the country Greek theatres, and wooden stands were erected from time to accommodate spectators. Could accommodate around 5,000 people their seats have backs, making them into regular chairs review what submitted... Was rarely separated from the spoken word and when used as such, was for special effects Greek is. Regilla, and the ancient Greek theatres many refurbishments took place during the Heruli invasion in 267 AD the.... Painted Blue and White Dionysus, this was the most sacred place in ancient Athens appropriate style manual or sources.
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